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Diff stage
Overview ¶
kapp compares resources specified in files against resources that exist in Kubernetes API. Once change set is calculated, it provides an option to apply it (see Apply section for further details).
There are five different types of operations: create
, update
, delete
, noop
(shown as empty), exists
(added in v0.43.0). Seen in Op
column of diff summary table. Additionally there is Op strategy
column (shorted as Op st.
), added in v0.31.0+, that shows supplemental information how operation will be performed (for example fallback on replace
for update
operation).
There are three different types of waiting: reconcile
(waits until resource has converged to its desired state; see apply waiting for waiting semantics), delete
(waits until resource is gone), noop
(shown as empty). Seen in Wait to
column of diff summary table.
Diff strategies ¶
There are two diff strategies used by kapp:
kapp compares against last applied resource content (previously applied by kapp; stored in annotation
kapp.k14s.io/original
) if there were no outside changes done to the resource (i.e. done outside of kapp, for example, by another team member or controller); kapp tries to use this strategy as much as possible to produce more user-friendly diffs.kapp compares against live resource content if it detects there were outside changes to the resource (hence, sometimes you may see a diff that shows several deleted fields even though these fields are not specified in the original file)
Strategy is selected for each resource individually. You can control which strategy is used for all resources via --diff-against-last-applied=bool
flag.
Related: rebase rules.
Versioned Resources ¶
In some cases it’s useful to represent an update to a resource as an entirely new resource. Common example is a workflow to update ConfigMap referenced by a Deployment. Deployments do not restart their Pods when ConfigMap changes making it tricky for wide variety of applications for pick up ConfigMap changes. kapp provides a solution for such scenarios, by offering a way to create uniquely named resources based on an original resource.
Anytime there is a change to a resource marked as a versioned resource, entirely new resource will be created instead of updating an existing resource.
To make resource versioned, add kapp.k14s.io/versioned
annotation with an empty value. Created resource follow {resource-name}-ver-{n}
naming pattern by incrementing n
any time there is a change.
Example:
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
name: secret-sa-sample
annotations:
kapp.k14s.io/versioned: ""
This will create versioned resource named secret-sa-sample-ver-1
Namespace Name Kind Conds. Age Op Op st. Wait to Rs Ri
default secret-sa-sample-ver-1 Secret - - create - reconcile - -
Op: 1 create, 0 delete, 0 update, 0 noop, 0 exists
Wait to: 1 reconcile, 0 delete, 0 noop
Additionally kapp follows configuration rules (default ones, and ones that can be provided as part of application) to find and update object references (since new resource name is not something that configuration author knew about).
Example
Sample Config
apiVersion: kapp.k14s.io/v1alpha1
kind: Config
templateRules:
- resourceMatchers:
- apiVersionKindMatcher: {apiVersion: v1, kind: ConfigMap}
affectedResources:
objectReferences:
- path: [spec, template, spec, containers, {allIndexes: true}, env, {allIndexes: true}, valueFrom, configMapKeyRef]
resourceMatchers:
- apiVersionKindMatcher: {apiVersion: apps/v1, kind: Deployment}
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: special-config
annotations:
kapp.k14s.io/versioned: ""
data:
special.how: very-good
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nginx-deployment
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.14.2
ports:
- containerPort: 80
env:
- name: SPECIAL_LEVEL_KEY
valueFrom:
configMapKeyRef:
name: special-config
key: special.how
Here we have specified the configuration rules that will update the ConfigMap object reference in resources of Kind Deployment. Here ConfigMap
special-config is marked as versioned so anytime there is an update it will create a new resource with name special-config-ver-{n}
and update the same name in resource of kind Deployment
under configMapKeyRef
. This example is part of default configuration rule that kapp follows.
As of v0.38.0+, kapp.k14s.io/versioned-keep-original
annotation can be used in conjunction with kapp.k14s.io/versioned
to have the original resource (resource without -ver-{n}
suffix in name) along with versioned resource.
Example:
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
name: secret-sa-sample
annotations:
kapp.k14s.io/versioned: ""
kapp.k14s.io/versioned-keep-original: ""
This will create two resources one with original name secret-sa-sample
and one with -ver-{n}
suffix in name secret-sa-sample-ver-1
.
Namespace Name Kind Conds. Age Op Op st. Wait to Rs Ri
default secret-sa-sample Secret - - create - reconcile - -
^ secret-sa-sample-ver-1 Secret - - create - reconcile - -
Op: 2 create, 0 delete, 0 update, 0 noop, 0 exists
Wait to: 2 reconcile, 0 delete, 0 noop
You can control number of kept resource versions via kapp.k14s.io/num-versions=str(int)
annotation, e.g. kapp.k14s.io/num-versions: "5"
.
As of v0.41.0+, the kapp.k14s.io/versioned-explicit-ref
can be used to explicitly refer to a versioned resource. This annotation allows a resource to be updated whenever a new version of the referred resource is created.
Multiple annotations with the prefix kapp.k14s.io/versioned-explicit-ref.
(Note the “.” at the end) can be used to define multiple explicit references.
Example:
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: config-1
annotations:
kapp.k14s.io/versioned: ""
data:
foo: bar
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: config-2
annotations:
kapp.k14s.io/versioned-explicit-ref: |
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
name: config-1
data:
foo: bar
Here, config-2
explicitly refers config-1
and is updated with the latest versioned name when config-1
is versioned.
@@ create configmap/config-1-ver-2 (v1) namespace: default @@
...
1, 1 data:
2 - foo: bar
2 + foo: alpha
3, 3 kind: ConfigMap
4, 4 metadata:
@@ update configmap/config-2 (v1) namespace: default @@
...
8, 8 kind: ConfigMap
9 - name: config-1-ver-1
9 + name: config-1-ver-2
10, 10 creationTimestamp: "2021-09-29T17:27:34Z"
11, 11 labels:
Changes
Namespace Name Kind Conds. Age Op Op st. Wait to Rs Ri
default config-1-ver-2 ConfigMap - - create - reconcile - -
^ config-2 ConfigMap - 14s update - reconcile ok -
Try deploying redis-with-configmap example and changing ConfigMap
in a next deploy.
Controlling diff via resource annotations ¶
kapp.k14s.io/disable-original ¶
kapp, by default, records the resource copy into its annotation kapp.k14s.io/original
while applying the resource to the cluster.
Example
Sample Config
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: config-1
namespace: default
data:
foo: bar
After deploying the resource, kapp added the annotation kapp.k14s.io/original
with the content of the resource that was given to kapp:
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: config-1
namespace: default
annotations:
kapp.k14s.io/original: '{ "apiVersion": "v1", "kind": "ConfigMap", ...snip... }'
data:
foo: bar
kapp.k14s.io/disable-original
annotation controls whether to record provided resource copy (rarely wanted)
Possible values: "" (empty). In some cases it’s not possible or wanted to record applied resource copy into its annotation kapp.k14s.io/original
. One such case might be when resource is extremely lengthy (e.g. long ConfigMap or CustomResourceDefinition) and will exceed annotation value max length of 262144 bytes.
Example
Sample Config
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: config-1
namespace: default
annotations:
kapp.k14s.io/disable-original: ""
data:
foo: bar
After deploying the resource, kapp didn’t add the annotation kapp.k14s.io/original
this time:
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: config-1
namespace: default
annotations:
kapp.k14s.io/disable-original: ""
data:
foo: bar
Controlling diff via deploy flags ¶
Diff summary shows quick information about what’s being changed:
--diff-summary=bool
(defaulttrue
) shows diff summary, listing how resources have changedExample
Sample config
--- apiVersion: v1 kind: Secret metadata: name: sample stringData: foo: bar
$ kapp deploy -a sample-secret -f config.yaml --diff-summary=true Target cluster 'https://127.0.0.1:56540' (nodes: kind-control-plane) Changes Namespace Name Kind Conds. Age Op Op st. Wait to Rs Ri default sample Secret - - create - reconcile - - Op: 1 create, 0 delete, 0 update, 0 noop, 0 exists Wait to: 1 reconcile, 0 delete, 0 noop Continue? [yN]:
Diff changes (line-by-line diffs) are useful for looking at actual changes, when app is re-deployed:
--diff-changes=bool
(-c
) (defaultfalse
) shows line-by-line diffs--diff-context=int
(default2
) controls number of lines to show around changed lines--diff-mask=bool
(defaulttrue
) controls whether to mask sensitive fieldsExample
Sample config
--- apiVersion: v1 kind: Secret metadata: name: sample stringData: foo: bar
# deploy sample-secre app $ kapp deploy -a sample-secret -f config.yaml #update config ... stringData: foo: bars ... # re-deploy sample-secret app with required diff-changes flag to see line by line changes $ kapp deploy -a sample-secret -f config.yaml --diff-changes=true --diff-context=4 Target cluster 'https://127.0.0.1:56540' (nodes: kind-control-plane) @@ update secret/sample (v1) namespace: default @@ ... 30, 30 resourceVersion: "244751" 31, 31 uid: b2453c2a-8dc8-4ed1-9b59-791547f78ea8 32, 32 stringData: 33 - foo: <-- value not shown (#1) 33 + foo: <-- value not shown (#2) 34, 34 Changes Namespace Name Kind Conds. Age Op Op st. Wait to Rs Ri default sample Secret - 7m update - reconcile ok - Op: 0 create, 0 delete, 1 update, 0 noop, 0 exists Wait to: 1 reconcile, 0 delete, 0 noop Continue? [yN]: # --diff-mask=true by default, note the masked value for secret data # try out kapp deploy -a sample-secret -f config.yaml --diff-mask=false --diff-changes=true --diff-context=2
Controlling how diffing is done:
--diff-against-last-applied=bool
(defaulttrue
) forces kapp to use particular diffing strategy (see above).--diff-run=bool
(defaultfalse
) set the flag to true, to stop after showing diff information.--diff-exit-status=bool
(defaultfalse
) controls exit status for diff runs (0
: unused,1
: any error,2
: no changes,3
: pending changes)Example
Sample config
--- apiVersion: v1 kind: Secret metadata: name: sample stringData: foo: bar
# deploy secret-sample app $ kapp deploy -a secret-sample -f config.yaml --diff-run=true --diff-exit-status=true Target cluster 'https://127.0.0.1:56540' (nodes: kind-control-plane) Changes Namespace Name Kind Conds. Age Op Op st. Wait to Rs Ri default sample Secret - - create - reconcile - - Op: 1 create, 0 delete, 0 update, 0 noop, 0 exists Wait to: 1 reconcile, 0 delete, 0 noop kapp: Error: Exiting after diffing with pending changes (exit status 3) # note that kapp exits after diff and displays the exit status
Diff filter allows to filter changes based on operation (add/update/delete), newResource (configuration provided to kapp) and existingResource (resources in Kubernetes cluster)
--diff-filter='{"and":[{"ops":["update"]},{"existingResource":{"kinds":["Deployment"]}]}'
will keep the resources which are getting updated and were of kind Deployment.
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